Fundamental Rights

• 12DefinitionsIn this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State’’ includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and a
• 13Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights(1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall
• 14Equality before lawThe State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.
• 15Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.   (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of
• 16Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment(1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.   (2) No citizen shall, on grounds onl
• 17Abolition of Untouchability“Untouchability” is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability” shall be an offence punishable in accorda
• 18Abolition of titles(1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State.   (2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State.   (3) No p
• 19Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc(1) All citizens shall have the right—       (a) to freedom of speech and expression;       (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;       (c) to form associations or unions;
• 20Protection in respect of conviction for offences(1) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty
• 21Protection of life and personal libertyNo person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
• 21ARight to educationThe State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.
• 22Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases(1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, an
• 23Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour(1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance w
• 24Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etcNo child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment
• 25Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion(1) Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess
• 26Freedom to manage religious affairsSubject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right— (a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious an
• 27Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religionNo person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religio
• 28Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions(1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds.   (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational inst
• 29Protection of interests of minorities(1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the
• 30Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions(1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.   (1A) In making any law pro
• 31Compulsory acquisition of property[Compulsory acquisition of property.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 6 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
• 31ASaving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing for— (a) the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modifi
• 31BValidation of certain Acts and RegulationsWithout prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule nor any of the provisions thereof s
• 31CSaving of laws giving effect to certain directive principlesNotwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing 4 [all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV] shall be de
• 31DSaving of laws in respect of anti-national activities[Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 2 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
• 32Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part(1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.   (2) The Supreme Court shall have powe
• 32AConstitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32[Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 3 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
• 33Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etcParliament may, by law, determine to what extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall, in their application to,— (a) the members of the Armed Forces; or (b) the members
• 34Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any areaNotwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respe
• 35Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this PartNotwithstanding anything in this Constitution,— (a) Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws— (i) with respect to any of the matte